Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists Essay

This report depends on the book â€Å"Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists†, composed by Joel Best and distributed by University of California Press in 2001. Joel Best, an educator of human science and criminal equity at the University of Delaware, has composed a profoundly decipherable treatise on measurements, and how we can turn out to be better shoppers of the factual data that pervades the earth where we live. Joel Best is a humanist and, therefore, this isn't a book about the science of insights, however about its social science. That is, a book about the manners by which awful measurements are created and spread through society. The title of the book originates from Mark Twain’s celebrated expression â€Å"lies, accursed untruths, and statistics†, which is generally deciphered as gathering measurements with lies. A progressively basic title would originate from the expression â€Å"figures don’t lie, yet liars can figure†. Regardless of its negative title, Best’s book is probably the most ideal approaches to figure out how to stop being awestruck by insights, and to begin basically assessing them. In direct composition loaded up with true models, Joel Best deconstructs the procedures by which social measurements are made and take on their very own existence, essentially through visually impaired and unquestioning reiteration by the media. He likewise portrays how such measurements are some of the time transformed, misjudged, twisted, and controlled. In his view, there are no ideal measurements, simply better or more terrible ones. Each measurement includes human decisions: characterizing what to quantify, deciding how to gauge it, concluding whom to check or how to tally it, and picking how to manage unreported cases (the dim figure) of whatever is being tallied. Not exclusively does each measurement contain recognizable, however for the most part unrecognized qualities, shortcomings, and dim figures, yet a significant number of the most disputable and intensely advanced insights are made by individuals in promotion positions. Social insights †measurements about social issues, for example, prostitution or self destruction †are regularly delivered by activists who are worried about the issue, and may misrepresent it. When not created by activists, insights are regularly a result of government, which might be inspired the other way of the activists, to make light of an issue. A speedy outline of the issues and points in this book offers a decent review of unwavering discernment on measurable issues. Part 1, â€Å"The Importance of Social Statistics†, clarifies where measurements originate from, how we use them, and why they are significant. Part 2, â€Å"Soft Facts†, examines wellsprings of awful insights. Speculating, poor definitions, poor measures, and terrible examples are the essential wellsprings of awful insights. Great insights require great information; clear, sensible definitions; clear, sensible measures; and suitable examples. Section 3, â€Å"Mutant Statistics†, portrays the strategies for damaging numbers. A large portion of these emerge from damaging the four necessities of good measurements, however another issue emerges here. While it is moderately simple to spot awful measurements, freak insights require a second degree of comprehension. As measurements change, they take on a history, and it gets important to disentangle the history to see exactly how and why they are freak. Change, disarray, and compound mistakes make chains of terrible insights that become hard to follow and sort. Section 4, â€Å"Apples and Oranges†, talks about the threats of wrong examination. Threats emerge when examinations after some time include changing and perpetual measures, and projections. Examinations among spots and gatherings lead to issues not just in the information estimated, yet in the manners in which the information might be assembled and ordered. Examination among social issues likewise makes one of a kind challenges. Best offers rationale of correlation with assistance the peruser see how to understand great examination and awful correlation. Section 5, â€Å"Stat Wars†, depicts the issues that emerge when pushed utilize flawed numbers to present a defense. Section 6, â€Å"Thinking About Social Statistics†, summarizes Best’s guidance on understanding measurements †don’t be awestruck notwithstanding numbers, and don’t be negative about them, he recommends, be basic and mindful.

Euro Disney: First 100 Days

The greatest factor that credited to Euro Disney’s disappointment is maybe its aspiration of attempting to oblige a wide range of nationalities and taking care of a huge European populace without recognizing the objective market and further comprehend its diversion inclinations. When all is said in done, Disney should thoroughly consider the assets expected to satisfy its focused on advertise, all the more critically it ought to figures out what are the key parts that added to Disney’s achievement, and whether these segments are transferable across social limits. The absence of understanding social contrasts has forestalled Disney to practice its center competency of conveying excellent administrations to its visitors. While certain Disney’s attributes are effectively transferable to Euro Disney, for example, building interesting rides and attractions, making various topics and dreams land, choosing a focal area that are effectively open for visitor, and giving a total get-away bundles by building wonderful hotels around amusement park. The core of Disney’s key achievement, be that as it may, exists its would say and cast member’s collaborations with the visitors. Most importantly, Euro Disney doesn't has the assets to convey a similar nature of clients administration as found in the US and Japan, Europeans laborers has diverse hard working attitudes, and they don't normally loves the American culture and along these lines are not energetic about having the Disney soul to develop inside them. Also, Europeans are familiarize to scholarly amusement, and high end food encounters; which are not what Disney is about. Thirdly, in light of the fact that Euro Disney’s endeavor to take into account an excessive number of nationality, it has not appropriately characterized its focused on showcase, along these lines unfit to modify a framework that works for greater part of the visitors. All together for Euro Disney to be fruitful, Disney need to make sense of who the objective clients are, and how might they pull in rehashed visitors or draws new guests. From that point, they can adjust to the way of life, and make bargains to fulfill its clients that satisfies Disney’s guideline.

5 Tech Tools to Encourage Critical Thinking

5 Tech Tools to Encourage Critical Thinking Critical thinking is an important aspect of learning. Understanding something is more than repeating facts,  it’s being able to apply what you know in different forms. The practice of getting students to do this requires a shift from learning by receiving information to turning that information into something else, like a diagram or a storybook. These five simple tools allow you to inspire critical thinking in your students. Encourage them to take the information you’re giving them, and show what they know with mind maps, puzzles and more! Discovery Education: Puzzlemaker Students can use Discovery’s Puzzlemaker suite of tools to make customized word searches, letter tile puzzles, hidden message games and more. Use this as a vocabulary activity station. Students pair up and create a puzzle for their teammate to solve using the words they’re learning that week. This gives both students a chance to work with vocabulary in a new and fun way that requires extra thinking and problem solving. MindMeister Mind mapping is a valuable tool to facilitate critical thinking, and technology has made it easier than ever to bring this into your classroom. Use MindMeister, a simple and easy to implement mind mapping tool, to encourage students to think about a topic, lesson, problem or subject from every angle. This activity helps them look at the whole picture with a critical eye, rather than just studying the facts that are being taught in the curriculum. Check out this compilation of inspiring educational mind maps, which cover topics like grammar, geography and reading comprehension. Whooo’s Reading   Answering open-ended questions is a simple way to facilitate critical thinking with students. However, many reading comprehension tools only allow students to answer multiple-choice questions, rather than requiring them to formulate their own answer. Whooo’s Reading, an online reading log, not only requires students to answer open-ended questions, but every automatically prompted question is Common Core-aligned, so you can be sure your students are thinking about the text in terms of the various reading and writing anchors. Learn more about how this tool has helped more than 10,000 teachers improve their students’ reading comprehension at the Learn2Earn teacher blog. Neo K12: Flow Chart Games While this tool only has pre-defined flow chart games, in a variety of categories ranging from life sciences to the human body, you can use them to inspire critical thinking where appropriate. For example, use flow chart games when exploring photosynthesis. Students have to drag and drop the various stages in the right part of the cycle. Require each student to write what each part of the cycle is about for a complete interactive thinking activity. Note that use of this this tool requires a monthly subscription. ProcessOn This online business tool was not made for the classroom; however, students can use it to map out the visual representation of a process, adding notes, colors and details to show their knowledge of the topic. All diagrams are saved in your “Online Diagram Library” so students can access this content when studying for an exam or to show their parents. You also have access to a large database of pre-made diagrams. Use these as supplementary materials for a lesson you’ve already written or as examples of what you expect from students with their own diagram. This is a guest post by Jessica Sanders. Jessica is the Director of Social Outreach for  Learn2Earn, an online fundraising platform that allows students raise money by reading books. She grew up reading books like The Giver and Holes, and is passionate about making reading as exciting for young kids today as it has always been for her. Follow Learn2Earn on Twitter and Facebook, and send content inquiries to [emailprotected].

Sample Essay Online “Free Books or Author’s Rights What Is More Important”

The issue of copyright has been getting a lot of attention lately, because the easiness with which information can be copied makes the rights of authors too unclear. There is a good reason for students to know about copyright, its implications and views on it – so it is a good thing that you can sample an on-topic essay online free of charge, without worrying whether it is copyrighted or not. The Internet made information of all kinds unprecedentedly easy to acquire. Books, videos, articles, audio recordings – everything seems to be just a couple of clicks away when you are connected to the Net. Education seems to be especially flourishing under this conditions – it looks as if everybody is promoting free online education nowadays, with enormous repositories of knowledge at everybody’s fingertips. However, it doesn’t mean that books and other sources of information suddenly became free of charge just because it is so simple to copy them in a digital format. They are still getting published, publishers still spend resources to get through with it, authors still have to earn something through their writing to go on writing. Here we see a collision of interests. Books – especially new and popular ones – are quite expensive both to publish and to buy, and the ease with which they can be copied means that the choice between buying a book and pirating it is often a question of personal preference rather than that of possibility. Piracy is widely considered to be unethical, and this opinion is fervently supported by publishers – but in reality the issue is much more complicated. Few people know this, but this problem is much, much older than a few decades, as many today believe. The history of copyright goes back to the Middle Ages, and when we start examining it, we will see that there has always been some kind of establishment that opposed what was perceived as unlawful and unethical copying of books. First it was the Church, then the state, now it is mainly done by publishing corporations. It may sound absurd today, but there was a time when printing was considered to be an infringement of copyright law. It allowed to copy information quickly, cheaply and accurately (does it remind you of anything?) compared to manual copying of texts, and many arguments that has been used against printing, with some alterations, are used today against digital copying. This doesn’t mean that authors shouldn’t get paid and just be content to give their work away for free. It simply means that the issue is much more complicated that most of us were led to believe, and a much older one. One thing that can be said for sure is that it is useless to try and slow down the progress. Printing eventually became a natural part of our lives, and nobody in their right mind would say that by printing a book you infringe the author’s rights. Something along the same lines is bound to happen with digital copying – sooner or later. References Barker, E. and Harding, I. (2012). Copyright, the ideas/expression dichotomy and harmonization: digging deeper into SAS. Journal of Intellectual Property Law Practice, 7(9), pp.673-679. Borghi, M. and Karapapa, S. (2013). Copyright and mass digitization. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Copyright in Europe: Twenty Years Ago, Today and What the Future Holds. (2013). Fordham Intellectual Property, Media Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 23(503-524). Derclaye, E. (2009). Research handbook on the future of EU copyright. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Hugenholtz, P. (2013). Fair use in Europe. Communications of the ACM, 56(5), p.26. Moser, D. and Slay, C. (2012). Music copyright law. Boston, Mass.: Course Technology, Cengage Learning. Waelde, C. (2016). Contemporary intellectual property. [S.l.]: Oxford Univ Press.

Cold War Arms Race - 2351 Words

Drew Valerio Prof. McNally History 268 September 6, 2012 Introduction The Cold war dated from 1947-1991. It was characterized by both political and military superiority between United States, which was backed by its NATO allies, and Soviet Union that led the communist side. The cold war was mainly started after the success of the alliance that was formed against Nazi Germany. This competition supremacy on nuclear warfare attracted other countries that also started making nuclear weapons due to the tension that existed in the world. Both sides directed huge sums of money to their military budgets with each side trying to outdo the other. History of the cold war The relation’s gap between United States and Soviet Union were widened by†¦show more content†¦This was after a public outcry that the country must rapidly build up its block of ICBM’s. The United States then went ahead to develop U-2 spy planes, which played a great role in helping United States spy the Soviet Union weapons and facilities. This build up forced USSR to try and catch up with United States development at all costs despite its weakening economy. One of the following developments was the announcement by United States that it possessed submarine-launched ballistic missiles, the third and most effective delivery system developed. The USSR maintained silence until 1968 when they too started using the new technology. This new technology came up with various new challenges because the country had very few harbours that could service its nuclear submarines (Phillips, 2003). In 1968, the Soviet Union came up with a new development- the building of antiballistic missiles defence systems. These were to be used for nuclear, chemical, biological or even conventional warheads in the homeland defence of such a strike because they were designed to counter ICBM’s. As a method to counter this development, United States came up with multiple independently targeted re-entry vehicles (MIRV’s) which improved the chances of avoiding detection by ABM systems. In addition to this, United States also developed its own IBM in order to match that of Soviet Union. During this period that countries were developing their own nuclear weapons, countries wereShow MoreRelated COLD War and the Arms Race Essay1686 Words   |  7 PagesCOLD War and the Arms Race When President Truman authorized the use of two nuclear weapons in 1945 against the Japanese in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end World War II, the nature of international security was changed irreversibly. At that time, the United States had what was said to have a monopoly of atomic bombs. Soon thereafter, the Soviet Union began working on atomic weaponry. In 1949, it had already detonated it first atomic bomb and tensions began to heat up between the twoRead MoreThe Nuclear Arms Race : The Cold War Between The United States1621 Words   |  7 PagesStarting in the 1949 with the explosion of an atomic bomb(RDS-1) in Russia and ending with the dissolvement of the Soviet Union, the nuclear arms race was an extremely tense few decades that forever changed the United States in many ways. The Arms Race is exactly what it sounds like; a race to amass more advance weapons. During these four decades, the Nuclear Arms Race affected Americans socially through instilling a variety of emotions ranging from fear, to awe of the power of the nuclear weapons, economicallyRead MoreThe Strategic Defence Initiative Within The Cold War Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War was an ideological war primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union (1945-1991). 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The Cold War had many factors that contributed to the start of the war between the United States and the USSR, but theRead MoreAmerican Wars Abroad1567 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the Cold War the United States was involved in numerous conflicts overseas. As the Cold War progressed there were occasions where the US extended its participation beyond what was necessary by not acting in a quick and decisive manner. When dealing with crisis or conflict, America must not prolong foreign involvement. The Vietnam War and the Arms Race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union are two instances where America prolonged involvement past what was necessary. Certain aspects of bothRead More The Cold War Essay808 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was one of the most important political confrontations of the twentieth century, with the p otential to wreak enormous damage to the world and its inhabitants. It began during the last stages of World War II when the alliances were crumbling and ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Cold War was the 20th centurys version of great power rivalry (except they were superpowers with the ability to annihilate each other with nuclear weapons at a moments notice.) From theRead MoreThe Arms Race and How it Changed the United States of America1415 Words   |  6 Pageswhat, at the height of the arms race, United States President Ronald Reagan called the Soviet Union (Rudolph 1). Unsurprisingly, the Soviet Union was similarly upset at the United States. This anger is what fueled the arms race. During the Cold War, due to fears of nuclear attack, the US and Soviet Union designed and deployed thousands of nuclear warheads, each hoping to deter the other from nuclear launch with threat of counter attack (O’Neal 1). This massive arms buildup, however, had manyRead MoreThe Cold War And Soviet Union840 Words   |  4 Pagesthe cold war started. Some believe that the cold war was the result of the belligerence of Joseph Stalin and the insecurity it caused in the United States and the West. Others believe the primary responsibility for the cold war derives from the hardline policies of the United States. (Viewpoints Article: the Soviet Union Start the Cold War) I believe The Cold War was triggered by the theory of two superpower countries in a race for dominance in the world of nuclear arms. The nuclear arms race triggeringRead MoreWhat Was And Is The Arms Race?1329 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Was and Is The Arms Race? The arms race was throughout the cold war, which lasted about 45 years. During this time, The United States of America (USA) and The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) were both creating and stockpiling military weapons to use against each other. The belief was â€Å"the more nuclear weapons you had, the more powerful you were†. This lead to the development of many extremely dangerous bombs and weapons, which could destroy life on earth. The Cold War was establishedRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe U.S. learned greatly after having been declared the victor of the Cold War. Retired four-star U.S. Army general Colin Powell said, â€Å"The long bitter years of the Cold War are over. America and her allies have won; totally, decisively, and overwhelmingly† (Reed 343). The Cold War started after World War II in 1947 and ended in 1991. The U.S. underwent a political war with the Soviet Union in hopes of advancing more rapidly in certain fi elds, such as nuclear weapons and space crafts. Avoiding nuclear

The Soyuz 11 Space Disaster a Case Study in Engineering Disasters Free Essays

The Soyuz 11 Space Disaster: A Case Study in Engineering Disasters ENGG 123 November 20, 2011 ABSTRACT In 1971, Soyuz 11 was the first manned spaceship to contact the first space station. As the astronauts were preparing to re-enter the earth’s atmosphere the crew cab depressurized and the astronauts were killed within seconds. This paper will discuss the events that happened and how they were investigated. We will write a custom essay sample on The Soyuz 11 Space Disaster: a Case Study in Engineering Disasters or any similar topic only for you Order Now It will also discuss how the disaster affected future engineering decisions regarding the Soyuz missions as well as other future space adventures. i Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. i Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ii List of Figures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iii 1. 0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 2. 1 What Happened†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 1 What Went Wrong†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 3. 2 What Was Learned†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 4. 0 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Works Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 List of Figures Figure 2. 1: a) a view of Soyuz 11 docked b) a view of Soyuz 11 taking off (Space Facts, n. . )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Figure 2. 2: a) seating chart for the astronauts b) the three astronauts inside Soyuz 11 c) astronauts preparing for takeoff (Space Facts, . n. d)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Figure 3. 1: a) map of the landing route for Soyuz 11 (Svens Space Page, n. d. )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Figure 3. 2: a) Soyuz 11 after landing b) workers covering up the astronauts.. 7 ii Figure 3. : a) Funeral held for the three Soyuz 11 astronauts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 1. 0 Introduction The purpose of this paper is to provide background and information on the Soyuz 11 space disaster. This disaster occurred in 1971 and took the lives of three astronauts who took part in the first successful visit to the world’s first space station. This paper will provide insight on how the disaster actually happened, what the causes were of this disastrous event. It will provide insight on how the events that occurred were investigated and also what was learned from these events and what changed. 2. 1 What Happened Unless otherwise stated the information in this section is provided from About. com(n. d. ) 1 Salyut 1, a space station made by the Soviets was the first space station to ever be made. It was launched on April 19, 1971. It was a large cylinder with three compartments, could be used with or without people inside of it and it could only dock one spacecraft at a time. The primary use of this space station was to study the effects of long term space travel on a human body, as well as studying effects on growing plants. On April 19, 1971 Soyuz 10 was the first spacecraft to attempt a mission out to the space station however this mission was unsuccessful. As the space craft attempted to dock it failed so the astronauts had to return to earth. On the return the ships air supply turned toxic but only one man passed out, all three astronauts recovered fully. On 2 June 6, 1971 Soyuz 11 embarked on a journey to the space station. This ship was originally supposed to be manned by Valery Kubasov, Alexei Leonov, and Pyotr Kolodin. Just before the launch, Valery Kubasov was suspected to have tuberculosis so this crew was replaced by three other men. They were: Georgi Dobrovolski, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev. Soyuz 11 successfully reached the space station and managed to hand dock the ship once they were within 100 metres. Once docked, problems began to take over the mission. Instruments and telescopes were not working, cramped space made it hard to work, and personalities were clashing. A small fire had even broke out at one point. This is when the crew decided to cut the mission six days short and go home. Right after Soyuz 11 undocked and made its way back to earth, all communication with the crew was lost. This happened much earlier than was to be expected. The ship made its way to earth and was discovered on June 29, 1971. When it was opened, all three members of the crew were found dead. The following images are from Space Facts(n. d. ) Figure 2. 1: a) a view of Soyuz 11 docked b) a view of Soyuz 11 taking off (Space Facts, n. d. ) a b Figure 2. 2: a) seating chart for the astronauts b) the three astronauts inside Soyuz 11 c) astronauts preparing for takeoff (Space Facts, n. d) abc 3 3. 1 What Went Wrong Unless otherwise stated the facts provided in this section come from Engineering Failures(n. . ) All the people on earth at the time thought this was a normal re-entry of a space craft. However upon opening the capsule the discovered differently. It was obvious to the people there that the crew had suffocated. Located between the orbital module and the descent module was a ventilation valve. As the two modules had been separated this valve was forced open. The two modules were connec ted via explosive bolts, these bolts were intended to fire sequentially or one after the other, but they actually fired simultaneously or at the same time. Because of this there was extra force put onto internal parts of the space craft. The ventilation valve had been jerked open by all this extra force. This valve was intended to automatically adjust cabin pressure but because it was actually opened in outer space the cabin pressure of the space craft very quickly reached zero, a fatal pressure for the cabin to be at. This valve was located underneath of the astronauts chairs making it impossible for them solve the problem. One of the astronauts was wearing a suit with biomedical sensors that showed he died within 40 seconds of the pressure loss. It only took 935 seconds for the cabin to reach a pressure of zero. 4 The facts in the next paragraph are from abyss. uoregon. edu(n. d. ) What caused all this to go wrong was a poor design. It should have been placed in a more accessible place. When thoughts were going into its design it was thought that it would only need to be used in an emergency, however no one thought what would be happening that it would need to be closed. The valve was intended for emergency but proved no use in the emergency because it was inaccessible. This problem could have been solved if the design team performed more tests, however it is impossible for a design team of a safety device to know every single situation that could happen. The following is a quote from Geoff Perry, Senior Science Master at Kettering Grammar School. 5 â€Å"I picked up my first signals for over 7 days on 28 June around 2110 UT   – Salyut on 20. 008 MHz and assumed that recovery would take place on 29 June around 2000 UT. Consequently I set the alarm clock for 3. a. m. BST hoping to see two objects indicating that Soyuz-11 had separated from Salyut   but that was not to be. We had no signals during 29 June and when 2000 UT came and went I went off watch, but, fortunately, left the time switch to do the pass at 2230 and 0300 UT. I did not believe that the Russians would worry about a recovery in darkness at this time of the year, considering their usual precision landings. However, they did worry and Soyuz-11 went two extra revs to give a daylight recovery. The time switch recorded signals 45 s after it had operated with LOS at 2247:15 +/- 15 s (allowing for possible variations in mains frequency affecting the clockwork). Peter Bentley had banked on a daylight recovery and was listening at Menai Bridge and gives LOS at 2247:27 +/- 1 s (or, as he says, +/- 5 s for 99% accuracy). I have therefore adopted 2247:25 +/- 5 s as LOS and the time of separation of the descent module and instrument module. The tragedy must have occurred minutes, or even only seconds, later. Telemetry at LOS was normal for a Soyuz recovery†. (Svens Space Page, n. d. ) The following is a map taken from Svens Space Page (n. d. ) showing what information the Kettering group had received from Soyuz 11. Figure 3. : a) map of the landing route for Soyuz 11 (Svens Space Page, n. d. ) a 6 The following are images from after Soyuz 11 landed. Figure 3. 2: a) Soyuz 11 after landing b) workers covering up the astronauts a b Figure 3. 3: a) Funeral held for the three Soyuz 11 astronauts a 3. 2 What Was Learned 7 After this terrible and fatal accident much thought and consideration went into the next missions. First off the USSR never ag ain attempted to send astronauts to the Salyut 1 space station. Eventually Salyut 1 was deorbited and burnt up. It took more than two years for another man mission to be attempted About. om(n. d. ) The Soyuz spacecraft went through a lot of modifications. The first main difference was that it was redesigned to only carry two astronauts instead of three. This allowed more room inside which allowed for the astronauts to wear space suits during the launch and the landing. The Soyuz capsule remained this way until a new design in 1980 which allowed three astronauts. 4. 0 Summary The Soyuz 11 space disaster was an extremely unfortunate event. Three astronauts died from a malfunction that should have been fixable. This is a How to cite The Soyuz 11 Space Disaster: a Case Study in Engineering Disasters, Free Case study samples

Save the Environment from Pollution Essay Example

Save the Environment from Pollution Paper Environment is combination between physic condition including nature energy source situation like land water mineral with plant mandrills which grow up on the ground and in the ocean with institutional including humidification like decision how to use that the physic environmental hearing the meaning we can take a conclusion that environment is very important to our life, but , Even we know environment is very important we cant evade the environment pollution problem The example Water pollution land and river, city pollution, contamination soil by trash, acid rain, contamination of radioactive essence and global warming. That pollution have a source from the polluter which come from a lot of source endangering air, water and land in different ways. For air polluter usually from vehicle industries. And for water polluter usually from industries and agriculture. Environment pollution is our problem together Which very important to be solve because contain the continuing of our life. Who ever we must do something to solve environment pollution problem start from the smallest environment, our own self until the bigger environment. We can solve he environment pollution problem with two step. First, decree polluter from the soccer to prevent bigger impact to the environment. For example decreasing amount of trash than bee product,using again and recycle. For example industries decrease amount water than be used, and decreasing amount of waste . And second ,very important to keep environment statistical and healthy . For example making of sustainability environment and using technology to solve environment problem . We will write a custom essay sample on Save the Environment from Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Save the Environment from Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Save the Environment from Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And for global problem like climate change , ozone problem ,and global warming needed corporation all of side between one country and another . Not so hard , right ? So have we care about pollution which happen in our environment ? For that in my speech today I want to invite all the audience to save our environment from densitometer pollution problem.